Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.

ATPase (HCT 116 cells):0.2 μM

方法：肿瘤细胞 HL60 、K562 和 HT-29 用 Brefeldin A (2 μM) 处理 72 h，使用 DNA filter elution assay 检测 DNA 片段。
结果：Brefeldin A 以不同的动力学诱导 DNA 断裂。HL60 细胞在 15 h 内观察到完整的 DNA 片段，而 K562 和 HT-29 细胞则需要 48-72 h。[1]
方法：人乳腺癌细胞 MDA-MB-231 用 Brefeldin A (0.05-1 μg/mL) 处理 24 h，使用 Western Blot 方法检测靶点蛋白表达水平。
结果：PARP 切割是细胞死亡的标志性事件，可以在 Brefeldin A 处理的悬浮 MDA-MB-231 细胞中检测到。[2]

方法：为检测体内抗肿瘤活性，将 Brefeldin A (15 mg/kg in 10% ricinus oil+5% DMSO+10% ethanol+75% physiologic saline) 腹腔注射给携带人结直肠癌肿瘤 HCT116 的 BALB/c 小鼠，每天一次，持续四周。
结果：Brefeldin A 在体内抑制 HCT116 肿瘤生长。[3]
方法：为检测体内抗肿瘤活性，将 Brefeldin A (16-64 mg/kg in distilled water containing 0.05% Tween 80) 腹腔注射给携带肿瘤 LOX IMVI 的 Athymic NCr nu/nu 小鼠，每天两次，持续五天。
结果：Brefeldin A 在体内显示出抗肿瘤活性，小鼠寿命增加 65%-100%，第 60 天幸存者增加 17%-50%。[4]

ELISA-based active site binding assay: Samples (lysed cells or tissue homogenates) are treated for 1 h at room temperature with the biotinylated active site probe PR-584 (5-15 μM). Samples are denatured by addition of SDS (0.9% final) and heating to 100 °C for 5 min. The denatured samples are transferred to a 96-well or 384-well filter plat, mixed with streptavidin-sepharose beads (2.5-5 μL packed beads/well), and incubated for 1 h at room temperature on a plate shaker. The beads are washed 5 times with 100-200 μL /well of ELISA buffer (PBS, 1% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% Tween-20) by vacuum filtration. The beads are incubated overnight at 4 °C on a plate shaker with the following antibodies recognizing the six catalytic subunits diluted into ELISA buffer: β5, β1, and β2 diluted 1:3000, LMP7 and LMP2 diluted 1:5000, and MECL-1 diluted 1:1000. The beads are washed 5 times with 100-200 μL /well of ELISA buffer and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody diluted 1:5000 in ELISA buffer and incubated 2 h at room temperature on a plate shaker. The beads are washed 5 times with 100-200 μL /well of ELISA buffer and developed for chemiluminsecence signal using the supersignal ELISA pico substrate following the manufacturer's instructions. Luminescence is measured on a plate reader and converted to ng of proteasome or μg/ml of lysate by comparison with 20S proteasome or untreated cell lysate standard curves. For proteasome inhibitor studies, active site probe binding values are expressed as the percent of binding relative to DMSO treated cells.

HF1A3, HF4.9 cell viability upon the treatments is tested using double staining of cells with YO-PRO 1/PI and SYTO16/PI probes. To access cell proliferation, cells are treated with 0–100 ng/mL Brefeldin A in complete medium for 20 hours before adding 1 μCi/mL [methyl-3H]-thymidine for additional 4 hours at 37 °C. The incorporated radioactive thymidine is quantified by scintillation counting with Microbeta counter. To examine long-term effects of Brefeldin A treatment, cells are seeded at initial concentration 105 cells/mL and treated with 0-75 ng/mL Brefeldin A for up to 5 days. At the time indicated, a sample of cells is removed and viable cell number is assessed by standard Trypan Blue exclusion assay.(Only for Reference)